长沙市大围山区域生态和人文资源保护条例出台
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Wikipè?ia Madhura
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Lombhung pangataowan mardhika bhasa Madhura.
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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Madurese) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Madurese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Madurese.
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Notes
[beccè' sombher]- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Vowel height harmony occurs across medial /r l ?/: if the preceding vowel is high, the following vowel is also high (e.g. bara [b???] 'inflammation', gherra [k????] 'stiff').
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 /p/, /t/, /k/ are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English spy, sty, sky. In final position, they are unreleased [p?, t??, ??]. /b, d/ are also unreleased, and therefore devoiced, [p?, t?]. There is no liaison: they remain unreleased even when followed by a vowel, as in bantet tabu' "hard stomach", though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 The consonants represented in Madurese orthography as ?gh?, ?jh?, ?bh?, and ?dh? are voiceless aspirated stops and affricates, not voiced aspirated ones. They are phonetically realized as [k?], [c?], [p?], and [t?], respectively, and contrast with their unaspirated counterparts [k], [c], [p], and [t]. Likewise, the geminated forms are [t??], [k??], [c??], and [???], e.g. ‘'beggha (/b?k???/).
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Madurese contrasts denti-alveolar ([t? d?]) and retroflex ([? ?]) plosives, though the functional load is low. Retroflexes may surface as alveolars, but not vice versa
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 The fricatives [f, z, ?, x] are found in loanwords only. Some speakers pronounce orthographic ?v? in loanwords as [v]; otherwise it is virtually always pronounced as [f] by mostly native Madurese speakers. The fricative [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 When a consonant is followed by an apostrophe, the following vowel is typically pronounced in a separate syllable, If the apostrophe appears between vowels, it is opsional realized as a geminate. For example, ta'al (/ta??al/ or /ta.?al/) and so'on (/s????n/ or /s?.??n/),ba'a (/b?.??/ or /b????/) depends on the accent. The glottal stop may also be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic-derived words, such as Al Qur'an.
- ↑ Word-final [h] may appear phrase-finally, or contrastively in a few minimal pairs (e.g., [kala] ‘lose' vs. [kalah] ‘scorpion'). In Eastern Madurese, the contrast is neutralized.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Intervocalic [j] and [w] are inserted predictably when adjacent vowels differ in backness (e.g., [k?ja?] → [kèyaè]). Word-final [j] is phonemic; [w] is not.
- ↑ /r/ is usually a trill [r] word-initially and word-finally (e.g. [r?wa], [lapar]), but may be an approximant [?] (e.g. [?ak?t], [?as?a]). Word-medially, it's often a tap [?] (e.g. [b????]), it's because geminate counterpart /rr/ (only medial) is a trill [r] (e.g. /parron/ [par?n], /gherra/ [k??r?]). Singleton /r/ can also be a trill medially (e.g. [kerp?uj]). No clear duration difference found between geminate and singleton trills (2–4 taps)
- ↑ High vowels [i ? ? u] occur only after aspirated or voiced plosives, while other contexts yield non-high vowels. This pattern is systematic and restricts vowel distribution.
- ↑ [ɑ] is an occasional allophone of /a/ after or before more carefully pronounced consonant from Arabic loanwords, example: wakaf [wakɑf].
- ↑ [?] is an allophone of /e/, appears exclusively after aspirated (e.g. /p?/, /t?/, /k?/) or voiced (e.g. /b/, /d/, /ɡ/) stops due to vowel raising rules. It is never found after voiceless unaspirated stops. In many cases, it precedes geminate consonants and contributes to vertical vowel harmony patterns.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 13,6 Madurese does not have phonemic diphthongs. Apparent diphthong-like sequences such as [a?], [a?], [?i], and [?u] etc. are in fact hiatus, with each vowel clearly articulated and bearing separate formant targets.
- ↑ /o/ has an allophone in the form of [u] based on some dialects (e.g. bungo [bu.?u] 'purple', congngo' [cu????], 'look')
- ↑ Stress generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If that syllable contains a schwa [?], stress shifts to the antepenult if there is one, and to the final syllable if there is not. Some suffixes are ignored for stress placement.
- ↑ Medial consonants may be phonemically or morphologically geminated. Schwa and [?] often trigger gemination word-medially (e.g., /p?l??/ ‘sweat', /b?k?as/ ‘former').
Further Reading
[beccè' sombher]- Misnadin; Kirby, James (April 2020). "Madurese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Illustrations of the IPA. 50 (1): 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0025100318000257. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
- Misnadin (May 2020). "Phonetic realisations of Madurese vowels and their implications for the Madurese vowel system". Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 10 (1). Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia: 173–183. doi:10.17509/ijal.v10i1.25033. Retrieved 12 June 2025.
See also
[beccè' sombher]Cè?a'an:IPA keys -->